Introduction to Part 3 and Chapter 7

Introduction to Part 3 (307)

• Discusses Ghana, Mali, and Songhai
• Long-distance trade that was represented by West African civilization
• Ukraine in Western Russia
• Japan, Korea, and Vietnam influenced from China
• Other civilizations: Indonesian island, Angkor kingdom

Other Facts:

1. Islam was the large and widely influenced
2. Collapse of Maya Civilization
3. Mexica and Aztec people creating a powerful state
4. Western Europe collapse
5. Change in human societies - Ideas, goods, and diseases
6. Interaction between societies
7. Nomadic and pastoral peoples
8. Technology rising - making cotton, food crops

Chapter 7 (315)

• Introduction of a story that relates to interactions, trade, and technology
• Trading was used for medical purposes, religious ceremonies, and unsanitary cities
• Creating "political life"

Silk Roads (Growth):

1. Eurasian
2. Steppes - Hides, furs, livestock, wool, and amber
3. Exchanging for agriculture products
4. Silk Roads grew when merchants and travelers were secured
5. Technology - yokes, saddles, and stirrups

Goods, Culture, and Diseases:

1. Not having to walk - using camel caravans as a way for traveling
2. Labor work from Elite Chinese men/women
3. China included bamboo into their silk (products)
4. China producing silk, paper, porcelain, lacquer-ware
5. Conversion to buddhism
6. Diseases affecting Roman Empire and Han Dynasty
7. Black Death
8. Sea Roads
9. Sand Roads - Gold, Salt

Chapter 6

Commonalities and Variations

• Human Popularity was unevenly divided into three giant continents
• Eurasia, Africa, and Americas
• Animals that were apart of the era: Llama's, alpacas, wild sheep, goats, chickens, horses, and camels
• Iron tools and weapons were important during this era

Civilizations of Africa

1. Warm Temperatures
2. Hosting separate societies
3. Geographical Concept

Meroe: Continuing a Nile Valley Civilization

• Governed by all-powerful/sacred Monarch
• Women had equal power as men
• Practiced herding and farming
• Declined: need wood to make charcoal for the iron tools

Axum: The Making of a Christian Kingdom

• Made nutritious grain
• High demand in pearls, textiles, and pepper
• Taxes helped society grow
• Christianity remained dominant

Alternatives to Civilization: North America

1. Gather hunters helped environments grow
2. Becoming unique societies - how they interact and build their environments

Society and Religion

Chapter 5

Society and Inequality in Eurasia/North Africa (217):

• French, Russian, and Chinese
• Three revolutions challenged and destroyed ancient monarchies and class hierarchies
• Abolitionist Movement - attacked slavery
• Women's Movement - relationship between the sexes
• Divided class lines

Society and the State in China (218):

1. Find administrators loyal to the central state rather than to their own families and regions
2. Han Dynasty - established in 200 BCE
3. Rulers required each province to send men of promise to the capital
4. Tang Dynasty - making bureaucracy meant being entered into high privileges
5. Lower class still learned how to be sophisticated and was taught about manners

LANDLORDS:

• Quin Dynasty - unified china in 210 BCE
• Land was owned my small farmers (peasants)
• Didn't have to pay taxes - raising the taxes for peasants
• Create own military forces
• Collapse od Wang Man's reforms and his assassination in 23 CE

PEASANTS:

• Small households
• Famines, floods, droughts, hail, and pests can occur at anytime which made in difficult for the peasants to live
• Yellow Turban Rebellion - "Great Place" golden age of equality

MERCHANTS:

• Unproductive
• Unfair with products
• Could not wear silk clothing, ride horses, or carry arms
• Wealthy - later on in the section